托福阅读细节题

Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England.

1. According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth century North America?

A. professional architects

B. customers

C. interior decorators

D. carpenters

Paragraph 2: Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.The commonsense notion that the best ice-box was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

2. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

A. completely prevent ice from melting

B. stop air from circulating

C. allow ice to melt slowly

D. use blankets to conserve ice

Paragraph 7: All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm.

3. According to paragraph 7, which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles?

A. They lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood.

B. Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.

C. They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems.

D. They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling

Paragraph 1: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

4. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

Water in the Desert

Paragraph 2：Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world’s largest river systems, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, has brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.

5. According to paragraph 2. Which of the following is true of the Nile River?

A. The Nile's flow in its desert sections is at its lowest during the dry season.

B. The Nile's sources are located in one of the most arid zones of the world.

C. The Nile's annual floods bring fertile silts and water to its lower valley.

D. The Nile's periodic flooding hinders the growth of some crops.

Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.

6. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?

A. It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.

B. It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.

C. It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.

D. It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.

Paragraph 1: The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs，of stone excavated in southern Africa.Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even order than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.

7. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?

A. It is much older than painting in Australia.

B. It is as much as 28,000 years old.

C. It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.

D. It is much more than 30,000 years old.

Paragraph 1：Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.

8. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?

A. Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.

B. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.

C. The climate was very similar to today’s climate.

D. The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.

Paragraph 4: Other dimensions along which the two groups differ markedly are density and composition. The densities of the terrestrial planets average about 5 times the density of water, whereas the Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water. One of the outer planets, Saturn, has a density of only 0.7 that of water, which means that Saturn would float in water. Variations in the composition of the planets are largely responsible for the density differences. The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups—gases, rocks, and ices—based on their melting points. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. The Jovian planets, on the other hand, contain a large percentage of the gases hydrogen and helium, with varying amounts of ices: mostly water, ammonia, and methane ices.

9. Paragraph 4 mentions which of the following as a reason why terrestrial planets are dense?

A .They are made up of three groups of substances.

B. They are composed mainly of rocky and metallic materials.

C. They contain more ice than Jovian planets.

D. They contain relatively small amounts of water.

Paragraph2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosisn. (loss of chlorophylln. resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyaninformation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petiolesand lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.

10. According to Paragraph2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?

A. Chlorosis on leaves

B. Change in leaf pigmentationto a dark shade of green

C. Short, stunted appearance of stems

D. Reddish pigmentation on the leaves or stem

11. According to Paragraph2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of

A. Deep red discoloration between the veins.

B. White or yellow tissue between the veins.

C. Dead spots between the veins.

D. Characteristic dark green veins.

Some 800 years ago, Alaska’s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 122 feet a day. Hubbard’s surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.

12. According to the passage, the Hubbard Glacier

A. moves more often than Valerie Glacier

B. began movement toward the sea in 1895

C. is 800 feet wide

D. has moved as fast as 47 feet per day

Paragraph 1：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

13. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.

B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.

C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.

D. Before the early 1900’s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Paragraph 4：Reduction in numbers of game wild animals, birds, and fish that are hunted for foodshould have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight n. of deer was to be expected as settlers encroachedon the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner (1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, Says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period

14. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.

B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.

C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.

D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.

Chinese Pottery

Paragraph 2：The function and statusof ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritualobjects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculpturesmade for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.

15. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?

A. The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.

B. The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documentedthan the use of ceramics as ritual objects.

C. There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.

D. Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.

Paragraph 5：Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.

Paragraph 6：Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into newspheres（area，field）—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.

16. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?

A. They could read and write the Greek language.

B. They frequently wrote poetry and plays.

C. They focused their writing on military matters.

D. They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.

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